中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
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由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
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House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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中央农村工作会议系列解读⑫发展生态低碳农业 以可持续理念建设农业强国****** 作者:牛坤玉 中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所 中央农村工作会议指出,要“立足人多地少的资源禀赋、农耕文明的历史底蕴、人与自然和谐共生的时代要求”,“发展生态低碳农业,赓续农耕文明”。这一重要论述与党的二十大报告中对中国式现代化的阐释相呼应,是中国式现代化在农业领域的进一步具体和深化。它明确了中国特色的农业强国的内涵和具体路径,就是要汲取农耕文化中“天人合一、道法自然”的可持续发展理念,以减污降碳协同增效为抓手,促进农业发展方式从密集型和集约型向生态化和低碳化转变。 中国农耕文明延续千年,具有高度的可持续性。一百多年前,美国土壤物理学之父富兰克林·H·金创作了著名的《四千年农夫》,阐释了东方农业文明可持续发展的精髓。数千年来,中国的农业在支撑高密度人口的同时,维持了高度的可持续性,地力没有受到破坏,源于几千年以来中国农民对于农业本质的深刻理解、把握和传承。 在农业实践中,中国农民不断调整农作物与周边自然环境的关系,最大限度地利用水土资源来维持高强度的种植制度。探索了多种维持地力永续的方式,如自古以来就施行的豆科作物与其他作物轮作,将运河污泥、燃料灰烬、人畜粪便最大限度还田的养分循环利用模式,利用梯田作业防治水土流失,三塘串联的模式保存降雨和土壤肥力等。这些农业生产模式在维持农地最大产出的同时,将对农耕资源的保护发挥到了极致。 照搬西方的农业发展模式,中国农业的可持续发展遭受挑战。受到20世纪下半叶在全球掀起的农业绿色革命思潮的影响,中国在20世纪90年代加速了化学农业的进程。从1988年到1998年,中国化肥施用量在十年内连续上升了两个千万吨台阶,在粮食产量大幅增加的同时,也开启了农业种养分离的过程。化肥、农药替代了人畜粪便,机械替代了役畜,农业养分循环的闭环被打破,传承几千年的可持续农业体系在短短三十年间遭受前所未有的挑战。与西方发展低强度的农业系统不同,人多地少的资源禀赋,注定了中国农业需要通过高强度的作业方式,来支撑高密度的人口以及经济发展的需求。实践告诉我们,一味照搬西方的农业发展模式在中国行不通。 今年的中央农村工作会议首次强调要立足“农耕文明的历史底蕴”,“发展生态低碳农业,赓续农耕文明”,实则是对中国农业发展模式的一次反思和重构,为中国特色的农业可持续发展道路指明了方向。 从以往的发展“绿色农业”到今年提出的“生态低碳农业”,意味着农业可持续发展的内涵的进一步丰富。“绿色农业”的着力点在减污,而“生态农业”则意味着既要减少污染排放,还要维持农田生态系统的生物多样性。低碳则表示要减少与农业生产相关的温室气体排放,提高农业的气候韧性。可见“生态低碳农业”的提出是农业可持续发展的全面升级,也将为实现农业高质量发展注入新动能。 现代技术与传统农耕文明结合,重构可持续生态农业。中国农耕文明体系是在长期的人口资源压力下,经过长达4000多年的演化逐渐成熟起来的。传承农耕文明是摆脱对化学农药的路径依赖,实现农业可持续发展的根本途径。时至今日,中国农业也呈现出一些新特点和新问题,在城镇化、工业化背景下,中国农村非农化、兼业化程度不断提高,很难再回到那种传统的劳动密集型的生态农业模式。 现代的工程技术与传统的可持续发展理念相结合是农耕文明延续和传承的必然举措。一方面要继续探索和改进适应各地水土资源条件的间作轮作、生态复合种养以及种养循环的可持续发展模式。另一方面,要利用现代的科学技术改造传统农业,借助数字农业技术、生物工程技术大力开发有机肥制备、土壤改良、废弃物处理和利用、生物农药制造等新工艺,促进智能化控制系统与工程化设备的研发推广,发展资本密集型和技术密集型的种养循环模式。 增强政策间的协同性,促进农业发展的生态化和低碳化。减污、降碳、生态、保供协同推进,是未来农业政策体系面临的新挑战。应继续推动化肥农药减量减施等绿色低碳相协同的政策和技术的推广,加大对生态低碳的生产模式以及关键技术的研发力度。促进植树造林、牧场管理和湿地恢复等基于自然的解决路径的实施。增强农田生态系统的多样性保护,促进增产扩面工程与生态系统完整性保护的协同,发展适度规模农业,在修建大型农田水利设施以及高标准农田建设的过程中,应注重对水系、湿地等生态廊道的保护。制定以生物多样性指标为补偿标准的生态补偿计划。在消费端,通过减少损耗和浪费、促进食品废弃物回收利用推动农业系统的减排固碳。加大对气候适应型作物品种、农业生产模式以及技术的研发和推广力度。 快三开户地图 |